Research reports
Strategies for addressing land scarcity through land policy instruments
S trategies for Addres s ing Land Shortages through Land Policy Meas
ures
March 2025
BTR float researchers
Principal
Researcher
Hong Young Ho
Strategies for addressing land scarcity through land policy instruments
Hong, Young Ho
BTR float researchers
This research report analyzes various land policy instruments to address land scarcity in urban and
r egion a l planning. Policy in t e r v en tion s centered on property rights and land use regulation are the
main focus, and four intervention approaches (providing , information and economic
incentivesintroducing regulations, legal measures, and property redistributing rights) are suggested to
promote land use efficiency and sustainable development. It also compares and analyzes countryspecific
examples from Germany, Netherlands, the United , and StatesSwitzerland to suggest for the
effective selection and implementation of policy instrumentsIn conclusionis emphasized land should
be understood as in tools with and political , use depends on a deep understanding of the
between public policy.land tenure and
Key words: land policy, land scarcity, property rights, land use regulation, sustainable , policy tools, country
examples, utilization.
This research report addresses how land scarcity can be addressed through land policy measures. Cities and Regions
Introduces various policy tools for coordinating land use in planning and reconciling conflicts between public and private
stakeholders. The main focus is on policy interventions utilizing rights and land use regulation.
Summary of key takeaways
Land Scarcity and Political Responses
Land scarcity is often caused not only by natural scarcity, but also by legal and political factors. Governments and public
institutions utilize a variety of policy instruments regulate land use.
The main goals are to increase efficiency of land use, promote sustainable development, and protect the public interest.
Four approaches to land policy
information and economic incentives
Examples: tax breaks, subsidies
Example of introducing regulations that do
not change property rights: Land use planning,
building restrictions
Legal action , e.g.that alters property
rights, development rights
rightstransaction, , granting property
preemption redistribution of the
rights themselves
Examples: land expropriation, nationalizationv -
Country-specific case studies
Compare and analyze land policy tools implemented in several countries, including Germany, the Netherlands, the United , and Switzerland.
Examples include the and . Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) policy in Oregon, USA, land value appreciation recovery policies in
Germany and SwitzerlandStrategies for toolsselecting and implementing policy
Political and judgmentis , not just a technical approach, key.
between the public and private sectors is , and t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f policies on the dependslegal and institutional environment
of specific countries and
Strategic use of land policies
Land policy instruments should not be as mere tools, as buti n s t r u m e n t s coupled with structures. socio-political Effective use
of policy instruments a deep u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f the interplay between land tenure and public policy.vi -
Land policy instruments increase efficiency of land ownership, use, development, and m a n a g e m e n t through a variety of policy approaches,
It contributes to the protection of the , environmentthe promotion of social equity and sustainable development. To this end,
variety of instruments are utilized in different national and r egiona l contexts.
Land use planning sets the direction of regional development and use, and ensures the efficient allocation of support resources to urban and
rural
local sustainable development. These initiatives can be strengthened through policies such as urban-rural land exchange in the
regional s y s t e m . For example, China , insustainable land use and agricultural modernization are being through the exchange of
construction sites areasbetween cities and rural the protection of farmers' rights is a key issue in t h i s process. 1 )
Zoning prevents conflicts and effective land use by limiting the uses of certain areas. It is a is actively used to support
residential development in countries as as diverse Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. In these countries , zoning is a s
an important policy instrument to determine the supply and demand for land. 2)
Land taxes and fiscal incentives are to the way land is used, and this c a n done through regional and national
Closely linked the economy. In China'case, policies to promote efficient land use have been implemented, but there are still many
and problems. Thereforepolicy reforms such as overall land planning and establishing fair approval are , which can contribute to
problems of and distribution 3)
Development regulations govern the process development through building , height, , environmental assessment, etc. play an
important role th e pe r spe c ti v e of nature and ecosystem services.
4) In addition, non-governmental organizations, such as
non-profit organizations, are sometimes ablecoordinate with regulatory land use through acquisition strategies for land
conservation.
5)
1) Wang, J., Li, Y., Wang, Q., & Cheong, K. (2019). Urban-Rural Construction Land Replacement for More Sustainable Land Use and Regional
Development in China: Policies and Practices. Land.
2) Shahab, S., Hartmann, T., & Jonkman, A. (2020). Strategies of municipal land policies: Housing development in Germany, Belgium, and the
Netherlands. European Planning Studies, 29, 1132-1150.
3) Mingjun, D. (2012). China's Land Policy Reflection on the Economical and Intensive Utilization. Ecological Economy,.
4) Gerber, J., & Rissman, A. (2012). Land-Conservation Strategies: The Dynamic Relationship between Acquisition and Land-Use Planning.
Environment and Planning A, 44, 1836-1855.
5) Frank, B., Walton, M., & Rollins, R. B. (2019). Public Support for Land Acquisition: A Key Instrument for Successful Land Conservation,
Governance and Management. Society & Natural Resources, 32, 720-729.vii -
Land policy is a c h i e v e d through between a wide range of stakeholders. It is a combination of , regulatory, government incentives and
It consists of a mix of collective agreements, in which local or non-formal organizations can play a major role. 6)
These different land policy instruments a r e u ti l i z e d in an appropriate combination, tailored to the specifics of each
country and r e g i o n , to achieve efficient and sustainable land management.
Property rights and land use regulations have become important policy tools for urban and r e g i o n a l , environmental protection,
and promotion of public welfare. Using them effectively
To this do,there are a few key aspects consider.
First of all, when property rights are guaranteed, it creates a stable investment environment, which turn stimulates productivity in rural and urban areas.
can improve profitability.
7) This is a factor in i n c r e a s i n g productivity and farm income, especially in rural a r e a s a r e a s . However, in
u r b a n , the impact profitability is and simple property rights not always positive results.
Regulation of land use for the purpose of environmental protection necessarily involves limiting property rights. This can be
implemented in a way that preserves the by , ecosystem restricting development in certain a r e a s for example through measures
such as the establishment of wetland reserves. However, can lead to conflicts between property and ownerspublic interests
should be with 8)
In de v e lopme n turban , it is to also separate development rights from property rights through land rezoning and public value
capture. development rights are nationalized, , the a s is the case in the United Kingdomrole of property rights is more clearly
d e l i n e a t e d , and mechanisms are in place to public infrastructure a n d affordable hous ing.
9)
By limiting the conversion of agricultural land to other uses, agricultural conservation policies can contribute to long-term and to
incompatible land uses. However, these policies are not always
6) Hodge, I. (2007). The Governance of Rural Land in a Liberalised World. .Journal of Agricultural Economics, 58, 409-432
7) Galiani, S., & Schargrodsky, E. (2010). Land property rights and resource allocation. The Journal of Law and Economics, 54, S329-S345.
8) Rodgers, C. N. (2009). nature's place? property rights, property rules and environmental
STEWARDSHIP. The Cambridge Law Journal, 68, 550-574.
9) Munoz-Gielen, D. (2014). Urban governance, property rights, land readjustment and public value capturing. European Urban and Regional
Studies, 21, 60-78.viii -
Well-defined property rights and soc i a l norms be a more efficient .
is present. 1 0)
Property tax systems are by usedgovernments as a of the provision public , but impact of on land can inelastic, affecting the
agriculture, , conservation programs
1 1 )
Policies that effectively utilize property rights and land use regulation a balanced approach that balances the protection of with
property rights the promotion of public benefits. When this reconciliation is achieved successfully, property and land use r e g u l a ti o n
can dramatically tocommunity development.
The problem of land scarcity is not simply exacerbated by natural scarcity, but tends to by legal and political factors. Research
shows that this problem itself in many different ways.
First, legal regulations major aimpact on the land scarcity problem. This is embodied in land use , floor area and building regulations,
development restrictions, etc. For example, in Indonesia, there reported cases of preferential treatment of the indus tr y coal
mining over other land usesresulting in social and environmental These cases illustrate the problems that can arise when the legal
framework favors certain industries. 1 2)
Secondpolicy decisions also contribute to land scarcity. National or local development plans and urban planning can change the value
of land in a given a r e a , increasing development . It has been observed that local government structure and election rules can have
significant aimpact on land use policies, as shown in case of Florida.
1 3)
Third, environmental protection regulations a factor that can exacerbate land scarcity. If land is set aside as a nature reserve,
the development of t h e a r e a is bound to be In this p r o c e s s , it to isachieve a harmonious balance between
environmental protection and development. 1 4)
10) Bonti-Ankomah, S., & Fox, G. (2000). property rights and land use regulation: a comparative evaluation / eiendomsregte en
grandgebruik regulaties: 'n vergelijkende evaluasie. .Agrekon, 39, 244-268
11) Polyakov, M., & Zhang, D. (2008). Property Tax Policy and Land-Use Change. Land Economics, 84, 396-408.
12) Muhdar, M., Simarmata, R., & Nasir, M. (2023). Legal policy preference for coal mining over other land use alternatives
jeopardizes sustainability in Indonesia. Journal of Land Use Science, 18, 395-408.
13) Feiock, R., Tavares, A. F., & Lubell, M. (2008). Policy Instrument Choices for Growth Management and Land Use Regulation. Policy
Studies Journal, 36, 461-480.
14) Akhtar-Schuster, M., Thomas, R., Stringer, L., Chasek, P., & Seely, M. (2011). Improving the enablingix -
Social factors also the issue of land scarcity. Traditional or cultural reasons may that isdictate land in certain a r e a s t h e c o u n tr y of
In some cases, land is reserved for specific uses or development is restricted. For example, in , Zimbabweland disputes are
often part of political power struggles, indicating social factors, in factors to economic , are deeply play in land issues. 1 5)
Therefore, the problem of land scarcity is not just limited to the lack of p h y s i c a l resources, but also involves interaction of
factors which legal and policy ,adds to its complexity. To solve this problem, a more comprehensive and rational approach to the
proc e s s legal, regulatory and policy-making is
Improving the efficiency of land use, promoting sustainable development, and protecting the public interest among the
most important goals of urban planning and r e g i o n a l de v e lopme n t. To achieve this effectively, a multi-faceted needed,
including
Integrated Planning Approach
Cooperation various (, residents, businesses, etc.) is required to develop comprehensive plans and different land use are
harmonized. This iscollaborative management approach to sustainable development that can contribute the the process.
environmental of urbanization 1 6)
Developing a sustainable transportation
It is to reduce reliance on cars by promoting sustainable transportation, especially public transit and bicycle paths.
This can reduce negative environmental impacts change the pattern of energy consumption in the city.
1 7)
environment to combat land degradation: Institutional, financial, legal and science-policy challenges and solutions. Land Degradation &
Development, 22.
15) Andersson, J. (1999). The Politics of Land Scarcity: Land Disputes in Save Communal Area, Zimbabwe. Journal of Southern African Studies,
25, 553-578.
16) Arifeen, H. M., Phoungthong, K., Mostafaeipour, A., YuangyaiYuangyai, N., , C., Techato, K., & Jutidamrongphan,
W. (2021). Determine the Land-Use Land-Cover Changes, Urban Expansion and Their Driving Factors for Sustainable Development in Gazipur
Bangladesh. Atmosphere.
17) Cooper, J., Ryley, T., & Smyth, A. (2001). Energy Trade-offs and Market Responses in Transport and Residential Land-use Patterns:
Promoting Sustainable Development Policy. Urban Studies, 38, 1573-1588.x -
Protect and expand green spaces
It is to protect and expand green spaces in cities to maintain biodiversity and improve the quality of life for residents. These
spaces play an important role in maintaining urban ecosystems and preserving environmental values. 1 8)
Facilitate redevelopment and renovation
Through the reuse and of existing buildings, we need to economic efficiency while resource consumption and environmental This
is an effective way to i n c r e a s e t h e . sustainability of urban a r e a s
Method. 1 9)
Policies and Legal Compliance
Clear policies and laws that support sustainable development should in place to ensure and transparency in land usetechniques can
be an important means of supporting thisasallow for the prediction monitoring of 20)
This approach offers solutions to a wide range of potential problems that arise d u r i n g p r o c e s s the urbanization and can to ensure
helpthe sustainable development of local communities. Taking into account the unique soc i a l , economic, and environmental context of
each region is critical to the feasibility of such and maximizing the of their .results
This . is required21 )
Regulations that do not alter property rights, such as land use planning and building , codesa r e a s usedimportant policy tools to
improve the quality of commu n iti e s . These regulations are aimed at promoting and the public interest increasing the efficiency
of land use without directly infringing on rights. Land use planning determines is and in a given a r e a , w h i c h serves t h e social,
economic, and environmental the needs ofa n d communit y equity.
22)
18) Godschalk, D. (2004). Land Use Planning Challenges: Coping with Conflicts in Visions of Sustainable Development and Livable Communities.
Journal of the American Planning Association, 70, 13-5.
19) Næss, P. (2001). Urban Planning and Sustainable Development. European Planning Studies, 9, 503-524.
20) Mithun, S., Sahana, M., Chattopadhyay, S., Chatterjee, S., Islam, J., & Costache, R. (2022). Comparative framework for spatially
explicit urban growth modeling for monitoring urban land-use efficiency and sustainable urban.
21) Xu, N., Zhao, D., Zhang, W., Zhang, H. H., Chen, W., Ji, M., & Liu, M. (2022). Innovation-Driven Development and Urban Land Low-Carbon
Use Efficiency: A Policy Assessment from China. Land.xi -
Architectural controls regulate building height, density, design, etc. to environment and reduce preserve the cityscape and unnecessary clutter.
It can be minimized. These regulations also increase efficiency of the land market, which in the can long run be to .beneficial economic development
contribute. Research suggests that the economic effects of regulation can vary across contexts, that andinstitutional settings and
specific policies can help local economic development through more systematic coordination. 23)
In addition, smart urban planning and environmental planning reflects the needs of l o c a l communities through resident
participation and sustainable urban development. In this proc e s s , residents become active partners, rather than passive
evaluators, and help .shape the future of the city
will have the opportunity to participate in the plan. 24)
Therefore, when introducing such regulations, it is necessary conduct review and sufficient prior collect the views of residents. A
systematic operation that can flexibly respond to soc i a l changes is necessary, and cooperation among stakeholders to minimize
conflicts is important. This can be an important factor long-term and sustainable urban development.
In land policytax breaks and subsidies are tools two important to achieve complex economic and social goals. Tax breaks are
to encourage certain types of development or investment by reducing the burden of property taxes, income taxes, or other taxes.
For example, a study by Polyakov and Zhang analyzed the of impact property taxes in Louisiana on agricultural land, forestry,
conservation programs, and developed land use change, and concluded that current use assessment
It has been found that even if , it also the policy down the development of rural landpromotes changes in rural land 25) These
tax reduction policies a variety of purposes, including l o c a l economies and reducing r e g i o n a l imbalances.
Subsidies a way for governments to provide direct financial support organizations or individuals to support specific projects or soc i a l
goals. Zhang et al. the interaction between , , and l o c a l governments in the context of carbon tax-subsidy policies, suggest that
governments should increase environmental through financial
26) Such subsidies are to projects for sustainable development or
environmental protection.
22) Lens, M. C. (2022). Zoning, Land Use, and the Reproduction of Urban Inequality. Annual review of sociology, 48(1), 421-439.
23) Kim, J. H. (2011). Linking Land Use Planning and Regulation to Economic Development: A Literature Review. Journal of Planning
Literature, 26, 35-47.
24) Marsal-Llacuna, M., & López-Ibáñez, M. (2014). Smart Urban Planning: Designing urban land use from urban time use. Journal of Urban
Technology, 21, 39-56.
25) Polyakov, M., & Zhang, D. (2008). Property Tax Policy and Land-Use Change. Land Economics, 84, 396-408.
26) Zhang, S., Wang, C., & Pardalos, P. (2021). Co-evolutionary game of manufacturers' abatement behavior under carbon tax-subsidy policy.
International Journal of Low-carbon Technologies, .xii -
However, Liu et alfound that China's urban are having a negative impact urban land efficiency even as they carbon emissions, 27)
highlighting to carefully weigh the of in th i s
Collectively, these policy instruments are utilized to achieve specific social, economic, and environmental goals, but the same
time, their effectiveness should be reviewed and adjusted as .tax breaks and subsidies may have unintended side effects
. The use of these tools should be carefully planned and m o n it o r e d to ensure the sustainable success of the policy.
Development voucher trading promotes the economic development of local communiti e s and .is mainly closely related to urban , and real
estate development
These are managed through regulation to ensure harmony with local development plans. Development rights transactions can be conducted
in variety of ways to balance public and private interests.
The research literature shows that development rights deals can have a significant impact on economic effects and r e g i o n a l
balance development. For example, in a study that explored the value change and f u t u r e development potential of agricultural
areas through development rights trading, it was found that
It analyzes the value of agricultural land and shows how this can be used to assess the value of development rights.
28) In addition,
development rights trading s c h e m e s implemented in various countries are being dramatically adopted by local gov e rnment s and in
Italy, for example, the development rights trading market is working more effectively in combination with traditional planning
tools.
29)
Ch in a , the marketization of land and development rights has played an important role in promoting urban development,and
these examples development tr ans a c tions can be an important local economic development.
示例 30) In the case of Taiwan, ha s been found tha t itdevelopment rights transactions can lead to spatial imbalances, development
dominating in high-end a r e a s , and that transformation transactions can enhance the development potential of old but cause uneven
growth patterns. 31 )
27) Liu, J., Feng, H., & Wang, K. (2022). The Low-Carbon City Pilot Policy and Urban Land Use Efficiency: A Policy Assessment from
China. Land.
28) Plantinga, A., & Miller, D. J. (2001). Agricultural Land Values and the Value of Rights to Future Land Development. Land Economics,
77, 56-67.
29) Micelli, E. (2002). Development Rights Markets to Manage Urban Plans in Italy. Urban Studies, 39, 141-154.
30) Zhu, J. (2002). Urban Development under Ambiguous Property Rights: A Case of China's Transition Economy. International Journal of
Urban and Regional Research, 26, 41-57.
31) Shih, M., & Chang, H. B. (2016). Transfer of development rights and public facility planning in Taiwan: An examination of local
adaptation and spatial impact. .Urban Studies, 53, 1244-1260xiii -
In addition, the preferred ticketing transaction s y s t e m maximizes public benefit while promoting environmental protection and sustainable
development.
It can be driven. For example, in Brazil, to to minimize the opportunity cost of forested a r e a s be protected
A program that trades development rights is being considered.
32) Programs such these ascan help to balance environmental
protection and development.
Development rights transactions are a , complex process to meet the economic and environmental needs of l o c a l
communiti e s and can have variety of outcomes depending on local characteristics and regulations. These transactions must be
carefully managed to clarify the rights and responsibilities of developers and maximize public benefits.
preemptive right right to is thepurchase certain assets or shares stock ofbefore existing owners unde r certain conditions. It often
c o n s i d e r e d a shareholder's right and helps existing shareholders maintain their their shareholding without losing percentage of
the stock when a company issues new shares. These pre-emptive rights can i m p o r t a n t t o mechanismstabilize a s company'capital
structure and existing investors.
rights are important as a shareholder right because they allow to existing shareholders protect their shareholding it without
diluting by securing priorit y rights when a company issues shares. This existing shareholder s maintain their confidence as th e
company seeks new investment, and prevents the value of the shares from declining as a the result ofissuance of new
shares.
In addition, pre-emptive rights can serve as a great source of stability in raising for capital a company. When a c o m p a n y seeks to
raise additional capital, offering pre-emptive rights to existing shareholders allows them be the tomain actors in the sale of
shares prevents outside buyers from u n d u l y influencing the company's de c i s ion-ma k ing. This can contribute to the the integrity
of company's operations and protecting the value of the company in the long term.
Pre-emptive rights also an important role from a legal point of view. For example, it is necessary to regulate the rights granted
to certain shareholder s affect the company's decision-making, and ) and politically, it is to important a balance between
rights and attracting to investment the
Preemptive rights are therefore essential mechanism protecting and shareholders' rights within a corporation promoting
sustainable growth. These rights play an important role in economic stability and trust between the company and its
shareholders.
32) Chomitz, K. (2004). Transferable Development Rights and Forest Protection: An Exploratory Analysis. International Regional Science
Review, 27, 348-373.
33) Briffault, R. (2018). The Challenge of the New Preemption. Stanford Law Review, 70, 1995.xiv -
The of redistribution of property rights is basically an at im port a n t social and economic policy aimed the of certain groups.
Thesis. Property rights are legally guaranteed rights, and the of these rights can take place in variety of aways, which can lead to structural
changes in society and the economy.
One of the important ways of redistributing property rights is related to land development. Studies have shown that land is
one of the main components of the state and recognized as a right that has not only economic but also public property value. Rather
than , limiting land to private ownershipit recognizes the special nature of land and allows to it be used for more .public
purposes
The argument that should be used has emerged as factor in the a major current property rights d e b a t e .
34)
Economic th eor y also explains the evolutionary development of property rights. Basically, it is argued that sense of ownership is
inherent in human society as a product of evolution, even before the formation of legal institutions. This sense individuals to ownership
over the things they have their invested efforts in, and this can be seen in the
It basis of legal ownership. 35)
The protection of property rights through the legal system essential for economic development. If , property rights are not clearly
protectedeconomic activity stifled, which can ultimately act as an obstacle to economic development.
36) The argument that
redistribution of property rights can be positive for economic growth thus emphasizes the importance of the legal infrastructure
and reveals that it is not possible to adequate economic without improving infrastructure.
The redistribution of property rights can be an important means of redressing social and economic inequalities, and the
legal and institutional framework for doing so must be approached carefully. There may be a range of social resistance and
legal complexities, all of which need to be taken into account.
Nationalization the process by which certain assets or indus tri e s a r e transferred from owne r ship private or private to
ownershipstate , often by the state to control resources or to further its economic policies. It is common in and socialist
countries primarily in the sec tor s . energy, transportation, and telecommunications This process of nationalization raises
issues of economic efficiency and management,
It can raise various controversies about personal freedom.
The research literature provides a deeper u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f the different cases and contexts of nationalization. For example, the Latin
In the case of the Americas, and the and initial state of the process had a greater impact on than political
34) Kim, Sang-jin. (2013). Rethinking . land property rights and the concept of land opennessLaw Studies, 21(3), 1-21.
35) Eswaran, M., & Neary, H. M. (2014). An Economic Theory of the Evolutionary Emergence of Property Rights. American Economic Journal:
Microeconomics, 6, 203-226.
36) Dabla-Norris, E., & Freeman, S. J. (2004). Enforcement of property rights and underdevelopment. Review of Development Economics, 8, 391-
405.xv -
T h e p o i n t o f i n s a n it y i s emphasized. 37) In , the case of Nigeriathe nationalization of the British Petroleum Company was coupled that led to with
conflicts diplomatic the
It can be seen that complex economic and diplomatic led to this.
38)
Nationalization is also linked to economic nationalism, andt h e c a s e s o f Venezuela Chile, it has been implemented as part of a to
pursue economic independence. 39) However, as the case of Venezuela shows, nationali zation alone may not fundamentally
change foreign economic dominance and may result in long-term and technological dependence40)
Nationalization is that is , a complex by a combination phenomenon driven of social, economic, and political factorsand
i m p l i c a t i o n s and outcomes can vary depending on the context of each country. The cycle between nationalization and
privatization depends on how resource ownership is balanced with soc i a l welfare. This choice influenced by both external and
domestic conditions.
41 )
This literature suggests that nationalization is not a simple change in ownership structure, but has a complex political and
economic context.
The tools of land policy are complex, with .governments using different approaches to achieve specific goals
S y s t e m . The main types of tools include regulations, financial incentives, land acquisition and management tools, public
participation tools, and promotion sustainable development. Each of these can be effective different social, economic, and
environmental contexts.
Regulations and legislation
Studies have that political and economic pressures in in local communiti e s play an important role land use regulation.
42) The
political market s y s t e m and institutional features of a particular region are related the to of these regulatory policies.
37) Berríos, R., Marak, A., & Morgenstern, S. (2011). Explaining hydrocarbon nationalization in Latin America: Economics and political
ideology. .Review of International Political Economy, 18, 673-697
38) Genova, A. (2010). Nigeria's nationalization of British Petroleum. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 43, 115-136.
39) Gedicks, A. (1973). The Nationalization of Copper in Chile: Antecedents and Consequences. Review of Radical Political Economics, 5, 1-25.
40) Bye, V. (1979). Nationalization of Oil in Venezuela. Journal of Peace Research, 16, 57-78.
41) Chang, R., Hevia, C., & Loayza, N. V. (2009). Privatization and nationalization cycles. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 22, 1-59.
42) Feiock, R., Tavares, A. F., & Lubell, M. (2008). Policy Instrument Choices for Growth Management and Land Use Regulation. Policy Studies
Journal, 36, 461-480.xvi -
Financial incentives
Financial i n c e n ti v e s a r e to usedlocal development and investment. For example, in Greece, public land management was
utilized as a resource to attract large-scale investment during the economic crisis []such as these can be an important tool to
Land acquisition and management tools
Tools such as development rights trading have potential to increase the flexibility of land development and improve the
efficiency of land use. This is an important factor when making land policy decisions that take into account complex
social and economic forces. 43)
Public engagement tools
Public engagement is important in land development planning, but it is often driven by certain stakeholders and not others.
Stakeholders can be excluded [2], and the inherent limitations of citizen participation in policy formation proc e s s must be taken into
account.
Promote sustainable development
building standards and urban regeneration projects support sustainable development, which can contribute to the achievement
of urban and r e g i o n a l development goals[] . It is important to situation. can achieve economic environmental benefits by
promoting , , and creating encouraging inter-regional cooperationa win-win 44)
approach promotes more through multi-stakeholder engagement and innovative land use management. It recognizes that . local
contexts can make or or break a policy's success failure
In this regard, it to isanalyze multiple examples of successes and failures. This comparison and analysis valuable insights that
can facilitate policy adjustments and optimization.
43) Leffers, D., & Wekerle, G. (2020). Land developers as institutional and postpolitical actors: Sites of power in land use policy and planning.
Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52, 318-336.
44) Kosow, H., Wassermann, S., Bartke, S., Goede, P., Grimski, D., Imbert, I., Jenssen, T., Laukel, O., Proske, M., Protzer, J., Schumacher,
K., Siedentop, S., Wagner-Endres, S., Wittekind, J., & Zimmermann, K. (2022). Addressing Goal Conflicts: New Policy Mixes for Commercial
Land Use Management. Land.1 --
Oregon's Urban Growth Boundary () UGBPolicy
Policy introduction
Purpose: To prevent and urban sprawl plan land use efficiently. Rationale The need for .:sustainable
urban development and environmental protection
Key goals and features
urban Manage growth
Set a .boundary around your city
Allow .city development only within its boundaries
Preventing sprawl and promoting .planned urban development
Protecting farmland and the natural environment
Outside of the UGB, remain the agricultural primarily
agricultural land and nature reserves. Contribute to. protecting
economy and preserving the natural environment
Make more land use efficient
Emphasizing . infrastructuremaximum efficiency
of use land within the cityReducing .the cost of
building
Improving Community public transportation and
utility efficiency. engagement
Ensure . community resident and stakeholder engagement when setting
and changing UGBsEnable .balanced urban development that reflects
needs and opinions
Impact of policies2 --
National best practices
Influencing . the adoption of similar policies in
other states and countriesSustainable
development and environmental protection
Contribute .to the harmonization of protectionurban development and environmental
The importance of UGB policies
Essential strategies . farmland for sustainable
urban developmentand urban efficiency at the
same time.
Germany and Switzerland are attempting to mitigate emerging social and economic challenges through various
policies aimed at returning rising land values to good. the public These policies primarily aimed at reducing and
social inequality sustainable urban development.
Land value appreciation recovery
policy in Germany Land use planning
Germany uses systematic land use planning to manage . the increase in land values due to regional
developmentSuch planning contributes . to increasing and community benefits reducing social inequalitiesIt
allows to the government ensure appropriately that the additional value from development is recovered by local
governments and invested in the public realm. Research has shown that differences in urban form and land
adjustment policies contribute to more diverse residential neighborhoods in Germany.45)
Tax regimes and public contributions
Specific taxes (e.g., development taxes or donation taxes) levied to on profits generated from development sites
fund investmentspublic services and infrastructure . As the example of Germany shows, such taxation
strengthens and public wealth realizes a .return of social value
45) Jehling, M., & Hecht, R. (2021). Do land policies make a difference? A data-driven approach to trace effects on urban form in France and
Germany. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 49, 114-130.3 --
Public-private partnerships
Collaborate with the private sector to share and the benefits of development promote . development with
mindthe public interest in This cooperation is essential to .realize the common goals of the public and private
sectors
Land appreciation recovery policy Local
taxation in Switzerland and legal structure
Switzerland uses variety of local taxes and ordinances to channel back rising land values to goodthe public . In
particular, land use taxes are used to finance local communities and an important tool to account for planning-related
land value fluctuations.46)
Right of Return and Redevelopment Laws
Granting or buyback rights to landowners legal intervention ensure the public interest in areas slated for
redevelopment or change.
Sustainable development strategy
Switzerland is working with local governments to achieve sustainable urban development goals and emphasizes
efforts to return to value benefits from these developments local communities. Switzerland's land management
system is .aligned with policies to national support sustainable development47)
These approaches in Germany and Switzerland more equitable and land through public value capture
mechanismsseen as important examples amid international interest in sustainable use of . These policies increase and
both urban diversity and equity in development, helping countries realize long-term benefits for communities and
public resources.
46) Hengstermann, A., & Götze, V. (2023). Planning-related land value changes for explaining instruments of compensation and value
capture in Switzerland. Land Use Policy.
47) Steudler, D., & Williamson, I. (2005). EVALUATION OF NATIONAL LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM IN SWITZERLAND. Survey
Review, 38, 317-330.4 --
Policy tool selection and implementation strategy
Policy tools and implementation strategies have a big impact on the
success of a policy. An analysis of the key elements.
Choice of Regulatory
policy tools tools
Legal and regulatory: Setting clear regulatory standards.
Permits and licenses: formal approval processes . Economic
for specific activitiestools
Taxes and subsidies: Financial incentives . to encourage or discourage desired
behaviorMarket-based tools: Utilizing market mechanisms, such as cap-and-trade.
Informational tools
Public campaigns: Provide .education and information to raise awareness
Disseminating : reports and datadriving . Voluntary policy engagement with
transparent informationtools
Partnerships and collaborations: Working with stakeholders to achieve .
common goalsVoluntary into voluntary agreements: Entering
agreements with organizations.companies and
Execution strategy
Set clear goals
Clarify specific the intent and
goals of the policy.
Setting .performance metrics5 --
Stakeholder engagement
diverse stakeholders from the beginning of policy formulation.
communication and feedback.
Active monitoring and evaluation
Continuous monitoring of Performance policy
implementation progress. evaluation to
identify and correct .improvements
Flexible response
Flexible adjustment . new of policies as
circumstances changeReflecting .information and
technological changes
Acquire and manage resources
Securing . efficientlythe human and material
resources needed to implement policiesManage
and allocate .resources
Policy tool selection and implementation strategy are key factors in determining policy
the efficiency and effectiveness of a policy. Increase .the likelihood of policy success by
selecting tools and strategies that align with goals and audiences
The of importancepolitical and strategic judgment extends beyond the that , opportunities and constraints
technology offersas the direction of its use depends on heavily political goals and values. While , technology can
serve many purposesits deployment and application is largely determined by the . policy priorities held by
policymakers and stakeholdersThis means that .political and strategic judgments are crucial in the development
and use of technology
First, political judgment is element in . an inevitable the context of policy formation and international
relationsHillman and Hitt's work explains they do, and why choose the firms political strategies suggests .that these
strategies are related to the variablesfirm's institutional 48) These political strategies also application of important in
the design and technology. For example, even if , a technology can increase economic efficiencyit it not be politically
appropriate if has potential the to increase social inequality.
48) Hillman, A., & Hitt, M. (1999). Corporate Political Strategy Formulation: A Model of Approach, Participation, and Strategy Decisions. Academy
of Management Review, 24, 825-842.6 --
Second, strategic judgment is essential to anticipate and to future changes and challenges prepareprepare for in
forthem them. order to
Hendry's work that strategic decision-making as a social practice, more than just relying on technical
performancesuggests .should be interpreted 49) This suggests .that it is important to set long-term direction by
considering the political and strategic environment, just technologynot
Finally, managing strategic change in organizations also political and cultural understanding beyond a technical
approach. Tichy's research shows shows that political change strategy is a critical component of strategic change
management.50) This that strategic judgment that reflects fully political interests is essential, not just a technical
approach.
From this perspective, we can see that political and strategic judgment is more important than just a technical
approach.
The importance of collaboration
between the public and private sectors
for success policy Leverage
expertiseresources efficiently
Share
Drive innovation
Public sector: legal authority and
regulatory tools Private sector:
Creativity and execution
Conditions for cooperation to be effective
Consider Legal country and regional legal
and institutional environments frameworks
Political situation
Economic
development
level Social
culture
49) Hendry, J. (2000). Strategic Decision Making, Discourse, And Strategy As Social Practice. Journal of Management Studies, 37, 955-978.
50) Tichy, N. (1985). Managing strategic change: Technical, political, and cultural dynamics. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 604.7 --
Factors that affect collaboration
Legal restrictions and incentives
Restrict private sector participation in certain countries
Encourage regional collaboration through tax
incentives incentives and to reflect
characteristics
Need for policy variation
Differences stakeholder in urban vs. rural
needs Gather input
Contribute to legal and institutional policy
implementation and social value creation
Differences local in the effectiveness of
cooperation depending on the environment
Need to customized understand characteristics
and legal frameworks Developing a cooperation
strategy is important
Collaboration between the public and private sectors is essential to the and success of the policy requires a
collaborative strategy tailored to each country's context.
The strategic utilization of policy land is factor for the , a key sustainable development of a country or regionand
several studies have discussed different approaches and policy recommendations in this regard. First, with
respect to , China's sustainabilityan analysis of the impact of policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions in cities
urban on land use efficiency, as exemplified , by low-carbon city pilot policyfound that while , low-carbon city
policies were effective in reducing carbon emissionsthey also had the consequence negative of reducing urban
land use efficiency.51) These findings reaffirm and the importance of environmental sustainability demonstrate
the need to balance development and conservation in policy.land
Participatory approaches are also being emphasized, particularly in relation to the management of urban green
spaces. In the case of South Africa, efforts to integrate with edible plant collection activities urban development
policies through community participation and networks among stakeholders have been found to .be
necessaryneed for 52) This is in line with the collaboration among stakeholders in the formulation of land
51) Liu, J., Feng, H., & Wang, K. (2022). The Low-Carbon City Pilot Policy and Urban Land Use Efficiency: A Policy Assessment from China.
Land.
52) Sardeshpande, M., & Shackleton, C. (2020). Urban foraging: Land management policy, perspectives, and potential. PLoS ONE, 158 --
to increase and policy acceptance highlight .the importance of a participatory approach that reflects real needs and issues
Answer.
Data-driven decision-making is essential to collecting and analyzing accurate data to formulate optimal policies.
In particular, an analysis of found how industrial land policies in China affect the increasing complexity of the
urban economy thatcities provide land subsidies for certain industries, which facilitates entry into more complex
industries.) These data-driven analyses provide the needed to formulate effective land policies.
For example, a study of how climate and land use policies interact in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil found that
the policy mix is complex and involves multiple levels of governance and actors.54) In this case, effective
implementation of policies requires .collaboration with a stakeholderswide range of
With regard to legal and institutional frameworks, the case of public land management in Greece reveals .a policy
disruption , during the economic crisiswith , but legal reforms aimed at speeding up the development process of
large public propertieslacking a coherent public property value enhancement policy55) This that showsa
framework of land strong legal and institutional is essential to ensure the enforceability and fairness policies.
If land policy is based on these strategic elements, it can contribute to the development of and the communities
achievement of economic, environmental, and social goals.
53) Dong, , Z., Li, Y., Balland, P., & ZhengS. (2019). Industrial land policy and economic complexity of Chinese Cities. Industry and
Innovation, 29, 367-395.
54) Milhorance, C., Bursztyn, M., & Sabourin, E. (2020). From policy mix to policy networks: assessing climate and land use policy interactions in
Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 22, 381-396.
55) Vitopoulou, A., & Yiannakou, A. (2018). Public land policy and urban planning in Greece: Diachronic continuities and abrupt reversals in a
context of crisis. European Urban and Regional Studies, 27, 259-275.9 --
Category Roles and goals
Under s tanding land policy
More than just a tool.
Not limited to the management or development of spaces.
p h y s i c a l Contribute to the achievement of various soc i a l
goals
Combining with structuressocial-political
Promote soc i a l equity .
Increase .h o u s i n g distribution and access to public utilities
Fair distribution of land ownership . Mitigate soc i a l injustice, etc.
Promote economic development
Revitalize economic activity and develop l o c a l
economies. .Create jobs and expand economic
opportunities
Environmental sustainability
Sustainable Environment Management .
Protecting natural resources and preventing
environmental degradation . Addressing
climate change
Political stability
Managing land-related
conflicts . Maintaining .soc i a l
stability
Resolving land ownership disputes and community conflicts
Conclusion
Land policy as s trategic a. W h a t it means
to go beyond physical management .
Realizing soc i a l , economic, environmental, and political goals.
Consider the big picture when designing policies
More than just the management of physical space, land policy is an important strategic tool for achieving a range
of social objectives, and policy design and implementation must take into account social, economic,
environmental, and political factors.
A deep understanding of the interactions between land tenure and public policy is . critical to utilizing effectively
policy instrumentsThis understanding contributes .to assessing , and the impact of policies on land use practices,
development planning, environmental protection, , social equityand moreto designing policies accordingly
Types of and land tenure policy implications
Land ownership can can be . take many forms, including private, public, and communal, and each form affected
by different policy approachesFor example, land reform policies in Laos aim to eradicate poverty, agricultural
participation through strengthening land ownership, and slash-and-burn agriculture to protect the
environment.56)
56) Ducourtieux, O., Laffort, J., & Sacklokham, S. (2005). Land Policy and Farming Practices in Laos. .Development10 --
Diversity of policy instruments
Countries can promote or efficient use of land achieve goals specific through land use planning, taxes, subsidies, and .
regulations Sweden, municipalities use public land tools to promote urban development, but this also challenges that
can undermine social equity.57)
Example interactions
When restricts public policy land use in certain areas for environmental protection purposes, this can . affect the
rights of landownersAt the same time, strengthening ownership rights has the potential to promote or
development negatively impact the public interest. For example, in Spain, there is the Netherlands and ongoing
debate about whether can land readjustment regulations contribute to enhancing public value, offering the
possibility for public authorities to pass on costs to developers private and valuerecover some of the .
58)
Social impact and inequality
The interplay between land tenure and public policy can . trigger debates around social equityIn Greece, , public land
policy has been transformed into a resource for attracting large-scale strategic investments in the midst of the
economic crisis, but for this reveals and a lack of sustainable ownership value enhancement policies lack of
institutional for innovation new urban development formats.59)
The above examples shed light a , and on the interaction between interaction land tenure and public policy from
variety of perspectivesshow that . a comprehensive understanding of this is fundamental to effectively utilizing
policy instrumentsThis understanding can help .minimize and that possible adverse effects the interaction
ofensurepolicy objectives are achieved efficiently
and Change, 36, 499-526.
57) Olsson, L. (2018). The Neoliberalization of Municipal Land Policy in Sweden. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.
58) Munoz-Gielen, D. (2014). Urban governance, property rights, land readjustment and public value capturing. European Urban and Regional
Studies, 21, 60-78.
59) Vitopoulou, A., & Yiannakou, A. (2018). Public land policy and urban planning in Greece: Diachronic continuities and abrupt reversals in a
context of crisis. European Urban and Regional Studies, 27, 259-275.11 --
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